Conventional Collagen Production
Collagen is usually manufactured from animal byproducts. The majority of these by-products come from animals raised on factory farms, or Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), as that is how 90% of the meat globally is produced. Even the collagen products that claim to be from grass fed beef, usually comes from Brazil and Argentina where the grass-fed beef operations have been converted into CAFOs.
CAFOs rise serious ethical concerns, both in regard to the animals being kept there and the humans that work in the facilities. The animals are kept in crowded conditions, without space to move freely. They often get injured by each other or the enclosures. They stand in their own excrement and the ammonia from the decomposing waste burns their lungs; they lack fresh air and sunlight. Workers at factory farms are routinely exposed to air pollutants which can cause respiratory illness. They suffer from repetitive stress injuries and chronic pain.
CAFOs rely heavily on the use of antibiotics due to the crowded living conditions on the livestock. Antibiotics are now used more frequently on animals than humans. The more antibiotics are used, the more likely bacteria are to develop resistance as some are likely to survive and can the develop resistance which is then spread as that bacterium multiply. This is causing a major rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria like the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacterium (MRSA).
Conventional farming also uses pesticides and herbicides heavily. These chemicals have a negative impact on whole ecosystems, and some of which have been proven to be a health concern to both humans and animals.
Furthermore, the collagen extraction process itself traditionally relies on harsh chemicals, like hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide and acetone. All of these chemicals pose a risk to the workers who have to handle them as well as the environment through waste streams and possible spills. They also bring with them the risk of contamination of the final product of dangerous chemicals, in particular heavy metals.
Most hides used for collagen production has been brined as a means of preservation. This produces a large amount of waste salt water. A 25 kg hide produces 5L of excess brine. Salt is hard to remove from the wastewater as it is highly soluble. Disposal of brine is a major environmental concern as it can contaminate surface and ground water, making it inhabitable for aquatic organisms and non-potable, and contaminate soil making it non-arable.